Sierra Leone
Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues
Introduction	Back To Top
Background: Democracy is slowly being reestablished after the civil war from 1991 to 2002 that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population). The military, which took over full responsibility for security following the departure of UN peacekeepers at the end of 2005, is increasingly developing as a guarantor of the country's stability. The armed forces remained on the sideline during the 2007 presidential election, but still look to the UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) - a civilian UN mission - to support efforts to consolidate peace. The new government's priorities include furthering development, creating jobs, and stamping out endemic corruption.
Geography	Back To Top
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 0.38 cu km/yr (5%/3%/92%) per capita: 69 cu m/yr (2000) Total renewable water resources: 160 cu km (1987) Land boundaries: total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) Map references: Africa Geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 11 30 W Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east Geography - note: rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa Area: total: 71,740 sq km land: 71,620 sq km water: 120 sq km Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia Coastline: 402 km Area - comparative: slightly smaller than South Carolina Irrigated land: 300 sq km (2003) Environment - current issues: rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war depleted natural resources; overfishing Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm Natural hazards: dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms Land use: arable land: 7.95% permanent crops: 1.05% other: 91% (2005)
People	Back To Top
Total fertility rate: 5.95 children born/woman (2008 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2008 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 7% (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 170,000 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 40.93 years male: 38.64 years female: 43.28 years (2008 est.) Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2008) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic total population: 35.1% male: 46.9% female: 24.4% (2004 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly returning (2008 est.) Ethnic groups: 20 African ethnic groups 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century), refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians Median age: total: 17.5 years male: 17.2 years female: 17.8 years (2008 est.) Population: 6,294,774 (July 2008 est.) Education expenditures: 3.8% of GDP (2005) Population growth rate: 2.282% (2008 est.) Languages: English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) Death rate: 22.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 156.48 deaths/1,000 live births male: 173.59 deaths/1,000 live births female: 138.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 11,000 (2001 est.) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 7 years male: 8 years female: 6 years (2001) Age structure: 0-14 years: 44.6% (male 1,377,981/female 1,429,993) 15-64 years: 52.2% (male 1,573,990/female 1,708,840) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 94,359/female 109,611) (2008 est.) Birth rate: 45.08 births/1,000 population (2008 est.) Religions: Muslim 60%, Christian 10%, indigenous beliefs 30% Nationality: noun: Sierra Leonean(s) adjective: Sierra Leonean
Government	Back To Top
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador June Carter PERRY embassy: Southridge-Hill Station, Freetown mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [232] (22) 515 000 or [232] (76) 515 000 FAX: [232] (22) 515 355 National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1961) Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Government type: constitutional democracy Political pressure groups and leaders: other: student unions; trade unions Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Bockari Kortu STEVENS chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261 through 9263 FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793 International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (124 seats; 112 members elected by popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 11 August 2007 (next to be held in 2012) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APC 59, SLPP 43, PMDC 10 Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK) Country name (Goverment): conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone conventional short form: Sierra Leone local long form: Republic of Sierra Leone local short form: Sierra Leone Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA]; Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON]; People's Movement for Democratic Change or PMDC [Charles MARGAI]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Solomon BEREWA]; numerous others Capital: name: Freetown geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 13 15 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Constitution: 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times Executive branch: chief of state: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17 September 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17 September 2007) cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 August 2007 and 8 September 2007 (next to be held in 2012) election results: second round results; percent of vote - Ernest Bai KOROMA 54.6%, Solomon BEREWA 45.4% Administrative divisions: 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western* Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court
Economy	Back To Top
Exports - partners: Belgium 49.3%, US 20.5%, Netherlands 4.5%, Canada 4.1% (2007) Electricity - consumption: 232.5 million kWh (2006 est.) Central bank discount rate: NA Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2007 est.) Current account balance: -$63 million (2007 est.) Debt - external: $1.61 billion (2003 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Oil - exports: 432.3 bbl/day (2005) GDP - per capita (PPP): $700 (2008 est.) Stock of domestic credit: $162.9 million (31 December 2007) GDP (purchasing power parity): $4.418 billion (2008 est.) GDP (official exchange rate): $1.971 billion (2008 est.) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 62.9 (1989) Exchange rates: leones (SLL) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2,961.7 (2006), 2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003) GDP - real growth rate: 6% (2008 est.) Stock of money: $184.6 million (31 December 2007) Labor force: 1.369 million (1981 est.) Imports - partners: Cote d'Ivoire 10%, China 10%, US 9.5%, UK 6.2%, Netherlands 5.1%, India 4.7% (2007) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.7% (2007 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 49% industry: 31% services: 21% (2001 est.) Oil - imports: 8,271 bbl/day (2005) Exports: $216 million f.o.b. (2006) Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Currency (code): leone (SLL) Economy - overview: Sierra Leone is an extremely poor nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its physical and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development. Nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings accounting for nearly half of Sierra Leone's exports. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and supplement government revenues. The IMF has completed a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility program that helped stabilize economic growth and reduce inflation. A recent increase in political stability has led to a revival of economic activity such as the rehabilitation of bauxite and rutile mining. Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals Industries: diamond mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining, small commercial ship repair Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2007 est.) Population below poverty line: 70.2% (2004) Commercial bank prime lending rate: 25% (31 December 2007) Stock of quasi money: $177.7 million (31 December 2007) Electricity - production: 250 million kWh (2006 est.) Imports: $560 million f.o.b. (2006) Oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA% Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.) Oil - consumption: 8,430 bbl/day (2006 est.) Market value of publicly traded shares: $NA Currency code: SLL Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 43.6% (1989) Exports - commodities: diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish Economic aid - recipient: $343.4 million (2005 est.) Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Budget: revenues: $96 million expenditures: $351 million (2000 est.) Fiscal year: calendar year Oil - production: 0.7008 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Communications	Back To Top
Internet users: 13,000 (2007) Telephones - main lines in use: 24,000 (2002) Televisions: 53,000 (1997) Internet country code: .sl Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (2001) Radios: 1.12 million (1997) Telephones - mobile cellular: 776,000 (2007) Television broadcast stations: 2 (1999) Telephone system: general assessment: marginal telephone service domestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects Freetown to Bo and Kenema; mobile-cellular service is growing rapidly from a small base international: country code - 232; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2001) Internet hosts: 8 (2008)
Transportation	Back To Top
Waterways: 800 km (600 km year round) (2007) Ports and terminals: Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands Heliports: 2 (2007) Merchant marine: total: 182 by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 143, carrier 2, chemical tanker 3, container 6, liquefied gas 2, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 10, roll on/roll off 3, specialized tanker 2 foreign-owned: 95 (Belgium 1, China 15, Egypt 3, Greece 1, Hong Kong 1, Lebanon 1, Nigeria 1, Panama 1, Romania 3, Russia 11, Syria 18, Taiwan 1, Turkey 15, Ukraine 10, UAE 8, UK 2, US 1, Yemen 2) (2008) Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2007) Roadways: total: 11,300 km paved: 904 km unpaved: 10,396 km (2002) Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 2 (2007) Airports: 10 (2007)
Military	Back To Top
Military service age and obligation: 17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service (younger with parental consent); no conscription (2008) Manpower available for military service: males age 16-49: 1,315,561 (2008 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 16-49: 671,418 (2008 est.) Military branches: Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): Army (includes Navy (Maritime Wing), Air Wing) (2008) Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: male: 70,068 female: 73,930 (2008 est.) Military expenditures: 2.3% of GDP (2006)
Transnational Issues	Back To Top
Disputes - international: as domestic fighting among disparate ethnic groups, rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone gradually abate, the number of refugees in border areas has begun to slowly dwindle; UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000 peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone considers excessive Guinea's definition of the flood plain limits to define the left bank boundary of the Makona and Moa rivers and protests Guinea's continued occupation of these lands including the hamlet of Yenga occupied since 1998 Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 27,311 (Liberia) (2007)

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