Sweden
Introduction Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues
Introduction	Back To Top
Background: A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment and in 2000-02 by the global economic downturn, but fiscal discipline over the past several years has allowed the country to weather economic vagaries. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, but the public rejected the introduction of the euro in a 2003 referendum.
Geography	Back To Top
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 2.68 cu km/yr (37%/54%/9%) per capita: 296 cu m/yr (2002) Total renewable water resources: 179 cu km (2005) Land boundaries: total: 2,233 km border countries: Finland 614 km, Norway 1,619 km Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north Map references: Europe Geographic coordinates: 62 00 N, 15 00 E Natural resources: iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower Elevation extremes: lowest point: reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.41 m highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west Geography - note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas Area: total: 449,964 sq km land: 410,934 sq km water: 39,030 sq km Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway Coastline: 3,218 km Area - comparative: slightly larger than California Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (2003) Environment - current issues: acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas) exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation Natural hazards: ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic Land use: arable land: 5.93% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 94.06% (2005)
People	Back To Top
Total fertility rate: 1.67 children born/woman (2008 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2008 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 3,600 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 80.74 years male: 78.49 years female: 83.13 years (2008 est.) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.) Net migration rate: 1.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.) Ethnic groups: indigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Sami minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks Median age: total: 41.3 years male: 40.2 years female: 42.4 years (2008 est.) Population: 9,045,389 (July 2008 est.) Education expenditures: 7.1% of GDP (2005) Population growth rate: 0.157% (2008 est.) Languages: Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities Death rate: 10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births male: 2.91 deaths/1,000 live births female: 2.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: fewer than 100 (2003 est.) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 16 years male: 15 years female: 17 years (2006) Age structure: 0-14 years: 16% (male 745,110/female 703,857) 15-64 years: 65.6% (male 3,008,148/female 2,928,930) 65 years and over: 18.3% (male 729,500/female 929,844) (2008 est.) Birth rate: 10.15 births/1,000 population (2008 est.) Religions: Lutheran 87%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 13% Nationality: noun: Swede(s) adjective: Swedish
Government	Back To Top
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael M. WOOD embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Vag 31, SE-11589 Stockholm mailing address: American Embassy Stockholm, US Department of State, 5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC 20521-5750 telephone: [46] (08) 783 53 00 FAX: [46] (08) 661 19 64 National holiday: Swedish Flag Day, 6 June (1916); National Day, 6 June (1983) Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Government type: constitutional monarchy Political pressure groups and leaders: Children's Rights in Society; Central Association of Salarited Emplyees or TCO; Swedish Federation of Trade Unions or LO other: media Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jonas HAFSTROM chancery: 2900 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600 FAX: [1] (202) 467-2699 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York International organization participation: ADB (nonregional members), AfDB (nonregional members), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MONUC, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 17 September 2006 (next to be held in September 2010) election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democrats 37.2%, Moderates 27.8%, Center Party 8.3%, Liberal People's Party 8.0%, Christian Democrats 6.9%, Left Party 6.3%, Greens 5.4%; seats by party - Social Democrats 130, Moderates 97, Center Party 29, Liberal People's Party 28, Christian Democrats 24, Left Party 22, Greens 19 Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations Flag description: blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) Independence: 6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king) Country name (Goverment): conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden conventional short form: Sweden local long form: Konungariket Sverige local short form: Sverige Political parties and leaders: Center Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian Democratic Party [Goran HAGGLUND]; Environment Party the Greens [no formal leader but party spokespersons are Maria WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left Party or V (formerly Communist) [Lars OHLY]; Liberal People's Party [Jan BJORKLUND]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Fredrik REINFELDT]; Social Democratic Party [Mona SAHLIN] Capital: name: Stockholm geographic coordinates: 59 20 N, 18 03 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October Constitution: 1 January 1975 Executive branch: chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977) head of government: Prime Minister Fredrik REINFELDT (since 5 October 2006) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the prime minister is elected by the parliament; election last held on 17 September 2006 (next to be held in September 2010) election results: Center-right coalition of Moderate, Center, Liberal, and Christian Democrats parties win 175 out of 349 votes; Fredrik REINFELDT becomes prime minister Administrative divisions: 21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarnas, Gavleborgs, Gotlands, Hallands, Jamtlands, Jonkopings, Kalmar, Kronobergs, Norrbottens, Orebro, Ostergotlands, Skane, Sodermanlands, Stockholm, Uppsala, Varmlands, Vasterbottens, Vasternorrlands, Vastmanlands, Vastra Gotalands Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)
Economy	Back To Top
Exports - partners: Germany 10.4%, Norway 9.4%, US 7.6%, Denmark 7.4%, UK 7.1%, Finland 6.4%, Netherlands 5.1%, France 5%, Belgium 4.6% (2007) Electricity - consumption: 133.6 billion kWh (2006 est.) Central bank discount rate: 3.5% (31 December 2007) Electricity - imports: 16.61 billion kWh (2007 est.) Current account balance: $35.22 billion (2008 est.) Debt - external: $598.2 billion (30 June 2006) Unemployment rate: 6.2% (2008 est.) Oil - exports: 219,200 bbl/day (2005) GDP - per capita (PPP): $39,600 (2008 est.) Investment (gross fixed): 19.6% of GDP (2008 est.) Stock of domestic credit: $630.8 billion (31 December 2007) GDP (purchasing power parity): $358.4 billion (2008 est.) GDP (official exchange rate): $512.9 billion (2008 est.) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 23 (2005) Exchange rates: Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - 6.4074 (2008 est.), 6.7629 (2007), 7.3731 (2006), 7.4731 (2005), 7.3489 (2004) GDP - real growth rate: 0.9% (2008 est.) Stock of money: $217.1 billion (31 December 2007) Labor force: 4.9 million (2008 est.) Imports - partners: Germany 18.4%, Denmark 9.2%, Norway 8.3%, UK 6.8%, Finland 6.1%, Netherlands 5.8%, France 5%, China 4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2007) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (November 2008 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.5% industry: 28.9% services: 69.6% (2008 est.) Oil - imports: 581,000 bbl/day (2005) Exports: $185.1 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 1.006 billion cu m (2007 est.) Currency (code): Swedish krona (SEK) Economy - overview: Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole of the 20th century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. In September 2003, Swedish voters turned down entry into the euro system concerned about the impact on the economy and sovereignty. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 1% of GDP and 2% of employment. Until 2008, Sweden was in the midst of a sustained economic upswing, boosted by increased domestic demand and strong exports. This and robust finances offered the center-right government considerable scope to implement its reform program aimed at increasing employment, reducing welfare dependence, and streamlining the state's role in the economy. Despite strong finances and underlying fundamentals, the Swedish economy slid into recession in the third quarter of 2008 as deteriorating global conditions reduced export demand and consumption. Economic aid - donor: ODA, $3.955 billion (2006) Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Imports - commodities: machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles Electricity - exports: 14.74 billion kWh (2007) Population below poverty line: NA% Commercial bank prime lending rate: 4% (2004) Stock of quasi money: $48.49 billion (31 December 2007) Electricity - production: 143.8 billion kWh (2007 est.) Imports: $166.6 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) Oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 2% industry: 22% services: 75.7% (2005 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $31.04 billion (2006 est.) Oil - consumption: 353,700 bbl/day (2007 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $289.6 billion (2008 est.) Public debt: 36.5% of GDP (2008 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $225.9 billion (2008 est.) Market value of publicly traded shares: $612.5 billion (31 December 2007) Currency code: SEK Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 22.2% (2000) Exports - commodities: machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 4% hydro: 50.8% nuclear: 43% other: 2.3% (2001) Natural gas - imports: 1.006 billion cu m (2007 est.) Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2007 est.) Budget: revenues: $270.5 billion expenditures: $258.6 billion (2008 est.) Fiscal year: calendar year Oil - production: 2,350 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Communications	Back To Top
Internet users: 7 million (2007) Telephones - main lines in use: 5.506 million (2007) Televisions: 4.6 million (1997) Internet country code: .se Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998) Radios: 8.25 million (1997) Telephones - mobile cellular: 10.371 million (2007) Television broadcast stations: 169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995) Telephone system: general assessment: highly developed telecommunications infrastructure; ranked among leading countries for fixed-line, mobile-cellular, Internet and broadband penetration domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels international: country code - 46; submarine cables provide links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 29 (2000) Internet hosts: 3.579 million (2008)
Transportation	Back To Top
Waterways: 2,052 km (2007) Pipelines: gas 798 km (2007) Railways: total: 11,528 km standard gauge: 11,528 km 1.435-m gauge (7,527 km electrified) (2006) Ports and terminals: Brofjorden, Goteborg, Helsingborg, Lulea, Malmo, Stenungsund, Stockholm, Trelleborg, Visby Heliports: 2 (2007) Merchant marine: total: 195 by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 23, carrier 1, chemical tanker 45, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 36, petroleum tanker 15, roll on/roll off 37, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 25 foreign-owned: 41 (Denmark 4, Estonia 2, Finland 12, Germany 5, Italy 9, Norway 7, UK 2) registered in other countries: 207 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Bahamas 4, Barbados 7, Bermuda 20, Cook Islands 8, Cyprus 2, Denmark 6, Finland 2, France 9, Germany 1, Gibraltar 13, Isle of Man 1, Italy 1, Liberia 10, Malaysia 3, Malta 2, Marshall Islands 1, Netherlands 28, Netherlands Antilles 1, Norway 31, Norway 3, Panama 6, Portugal 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, Singapore 20, UK 17, US 5) (2008) Airports - with paved runways: total: 152 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 1,524 to 2,437 m: 75 914 to 1,523 m: 24 under 914 m: 38 (2007) Roadways: total: 425,300 km paved: 139,300 km (includes 1,740 km of expressways) unpaved: 286,000 km (2008) Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 98 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 92 (2007) Airports: 250 (2007)
Military	Back To Top
Military service age and obligation: 19 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation: 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47 (2006) Manpower available for military service: males age 16-49: 2,052,890 females age 16-49: 1,980,550 (2008 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 16-49: 1,699,115 females age 16-49: 1,637,868 (2008 est.) Military branches: Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten): Army (Armen), Royal Swedish Navy (Marinen), Swedish Air Force (Svenska Flygvapnet) (2008) Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: male: 64,605 female: 61,110 (2008 est.) Military expenditures: 1.5% of GDP (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues	Back To Top
Disputes - international: none

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